Background
The elevator is driven by continuous power, moving stairway designed to transport passengers up and down short vertical distances. Escalators are used throughout the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be impractical. Main areas of use include shopping malls, airports and transport networks and business centers, hotels and public buildings. Benefits of the many stairs. They have the ability to move large numbers of people, and can be placed in the same physical space the stairs would be. And had no waiting period, except during heavy traffic. It can be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibitions. They may be of use in outdoor weather proofed. It is estimated that there are more than 30000 escalators in the United States, there are 90 billion riders travel on escalators in each year. Escalators and their cousins, Weatherly, powered by alternating current motor speed constant and moving at about 1-2 feet (0.3 – 0.6 m) per second. The maximum angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal elevator with high standard up to about 60 feet (18 m).
Thanks to the invention of the elevator in General Charles d. Seeberger, who as an employee in a company Otis elevators, produced the first step of elevator type manufactured for use by the general public. Created in Paris Gallery was installed in 1900, where he won first prize. It also coined the term elevator Seeberger by joining Scala, which is Latin for steps, with a little "lift" in 1910 Seeberger sold patent rights to his invention to the original company Otis elevators. Although there are many improvements, Seeberger basic design is still in use today. It consists of a top and bottom landing platforms connected by metal. Truss contains two tracks, which pull drawer rollaway through endless loop. Truss also supports two handrail, which is coordination of moving at the same speed as the treatment step.
Components
Top and bottom landing platforms
These two platforms are harbouring curved sections of tracks, as well as gears and motors that drive tray. Contains the platform above the cars main drive gear Assembly, while holding the bottom step return idler sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the truss lift. In addition, the pads contain a floor plate and plate harrows. Floor panel provides a place for passengers to stand before you step on the escalator. This painting is flush with the finished floor either stops or removable to allow easy access to the machinery below. Comb plate is the piece between the fixed floor Board step transition. And is named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a comb. These teeth with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This design is necessary to reduce the gap between class and landing, which helps prevent objects from falling into the void.
Truss
Truss is the structure of a hollow metal plugging lower and upper landing. It consists of two parts joined side along with intersecting arches across the bottom, just below the top. Truss endings are given to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete support. Truss carries all sections straight path connecting the upper and lower parts.
Tracks
Track system is built on the truss to guide the chain step, which pulls down the steps from the platform down and back up in an endless loop. There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps (called the track wheel step) one llalaglat background of steps (called track trailer wheel). Cause the relative positions of these tracks steps to form the stairs as they move from under plate comb. Along the straight segment of truss the tracks are at maximum distance from each other. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90 degree angle to step behind it. This right angle bends the steps in the form of a drawer. At the top and bottom of the escalator, she meets two tracks so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a straight line. This causes the tray to put in order as a flat sheet, one after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in a curved section of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until it reaches the drop down, where they pass through another curved section of track before leaving the land down. At this point the separate paths and steps carry again if configuration. This cycle is repeated continuously, as steps are pulled from the bottom up and down again.
The steps
The same steps are solid, one piece cast aluminum dies. Rubber mats can be installed to the surface to reduce skidding, you can add yellow seam lines clearly indicate their edges. And cleated on front and back edges of each step with comb-like protrusions that intertwine with the comb plates on top and bottom pads. Correlated steps metal chain going until they form a closed loop with each step able to bend with regard to its neighbours. Front and rear edges of the steps are each connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are set farther apart to fit the track back and front wheels have shorter axles to fit the narrower front track. As described above, the position of controls the direction of steps.
Railing
Railing provides a comfortable handhold for passengers while they ride the elevator. Is constructed of four distinct sections. In the center of the wall is a "slider", also known as "chips" glider, which is a layer of cotton or synthetic fabric. The purpose of the sliding layer is to allow the railway to move smoothly along the track. The next layer, known as tension Member, formed either steel cable or flat steel bar. They provide handrails with the necessary tensile strength and flexibility. On top of internal tension member is building components, which are made from chemically-treated rubber designed to prevent layers from separating. Finally, the outer layer, and the only part that passengers actually see, is a rubber cover, which is a blend of synthetic polymers and rubber. This cover is designed to resist degradation from environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear and vandalism. Iron is constructed by feeding rubber through computer controlled extrusion machine to produce layers of the desired size and type to match specific orders. The constituent layers are formed from fabric and rubber and steel by skilled workers before being entered into the presses, where fused together. When installed, the final railing is pulled all the way through the chain connected to the engine and the main gear through a series of pulleys.
Design
There are a number of factors affecting the design of escalators, including physical requirements, location, and traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic preferences. Above all, physical factors such as vertical and horizontal distance to be distributed must be taken into consideration. These factors determine the pitch of the lift and the actual length. Capacity building the infrastructure to support the heavy elements is also critical physical concern. Location is important because escalators should be located where it can be easily seen by the general public. In stores, customers should be able to view the merchandise easily. Furthermore, the up and down movement of the elevator should be separated physically and should not lead to tight spaces.
It must also be expected traffic patterns in the design of the escalators. In some buildings, the goal is simply to move people from one floor to another, but in other cases there may be need for more specific, such as pumping visitors towards the main exit or exhibitions. The number of passengers is important because escalators are designed to withstand the maximum number of people. For example, escalators one offer going quickly to 1.5 feet (0.45 meters) per second can move about 170 people in five minutes. Larger models travel at speeds of up to 2 feet (0.6 meters) per second can handle up to 450 people in the same time period. Absorptive llalmsad must match the expected peak traffic demand. This is critical for applications where sudden increases in the number of passengers. For example, escalators used in train stations must be designed to meet the needs of the traffic peak out from the train, without causing excessive bunching at the entrance to the elevator.
And of course, safety is also a major concern in the design of the escalators. Fire protection is provided by the elevator floor open Add irrigators or fire resistant shutters to open or by installing an elevator in the closed fire-protected Hall. To reduce the risk of overheating, and adequate ventilation must be provided for areas containing motors and gears. Preferably the traditional tray that is located next to the elevator if the elevator is the primary mode of transport between floors. It may be necessary to also provide lift elevator next to the elevator for wheelchairs and disabled. Finally, consideration should be given to the aesthetics of the elevator. Architects and designers can choose from a wide variety of styles and colors laldrabzine and colored side panels.
Making
The process
The first phase of construction of the lift's design mode, as explained above. Elevator manufacturer uses this information to build the equipment according to demand. There are two companies that supply the escalators and primary manufacturers actually build equipment, secondary suppliers to design and install equipment. In most cases, the secondary suppliers get equipment from manufacturers and make adjustments necessary for installation. Therefore, compiling most of the escalators in the main plant. Pulled up the tracks, chains and Assembly, drawer and gears and pulleys each mechanism in place on the truss before shipping.
Before installation, you must be prepared for landing areas to call the elevator. For example, you should pour concrete equipment, and must attach a steel frame that will hold the truss in place. After delivery of the elevator, and full uncrated Assembly and steer clear of attitude between the top and bottom holes. There are a variety of ways to lift the truss Assembly in place, one of which is the scissors lift mounted devices on wheeled support platform. It is equipped for a specific association with scissor to assist in vertical and angular alignment of the elevator. With this device, at the upper end of the truss can easily align with and support of the upper landing associated support wall. The lower end of the truss can be lowered later in the hole associated with landing ground below. In some cases, it may be shipped separately from the rest of the wall. In such a case, and she coiled carefully and packed for shipment. And then delivered to the appropriate strings after installing the elevator.
Ultimate connections for power source and check to make sure that all paths and strings correctly.
Quality control
The Federal Regulation Act (CFR) contains guidelines for quality control elevator and puts the minimum inspection criteria. As stated in the code, elevators and escalators are thoroughly inspected at intervals of not more than one year, should additional monthly inspection for satisfactory operation of certain people."Annual inspection records are posted near the elevator or be available at the station. In addition, the law determines that the maximum load of the elevator and glue and not exceeded. And additional safety standards can also be found in the American Society of mechanical engineers.
The future
And has made many innovations in the manufacture of escalators in recent years. For example, one company recently placed elevator spiral staircase. Another has developed a lift suitable for wheelchairs. And is likely to continue with the expansion of the industry to meet the changing needs of the market. In addition, the industry expects growth spurt of untapped markets like China and Hungary begin to recognize the benefits of elevator technology.
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